How Climate Shifts Shaped Human Innovation: Lessons from the Ice Age

During the Ice Age, spanning from approximately 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago, dramatic climate fluctuations reshaped Earth’s landscapes and imposed relentless environmental pressures on early human populations. Glacial advances and retreats altered ecosystems, disrupted food sources, and transformed habitable zones—forcing human groups to evolve not just biologically, but culturally…